Citing Sources: APA, MLA & Chicago Styles

The handouts below refer to the 7th edition of the APA Style Manual. If your professor is requesting you use APA 6th edition, please click on the APA Style 6th edition tab in this guide. For further assistance, please contact a John Jay librarian or the John Jay Writing Center.

APA 7: References List 

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th edition) 

This is the current version of the manual that was issued in the fall of 2019.

APA 7 has two distinct styles of paper format--student and professional.  Most formatting issues are the same except for a few differences in title page and page header. This guide focuses on APA formatting for student papers.

Consult the APA Style Blog for specifics on an APA professional paper, with examples: Professional Paper (DOCX, 96KB) and Annotated Professional Paper (PDF, 3MB)

APA style for student papers dictate the format for your title page, paper structure and references page. Follow See the APA Style Blog for formatting tables/figures, if included, and an abstract if requested by your professor. Keep in mind that specifics in terms of type and number of sources, required sections or number of pages, etc. are determined by your professor.

APA order of arrangement for your paper:

• title page
• abstract (if requested)
• text
• references
• footnotes
• tables
• figures
• appendices

 

TITLE PAGE:

APA requires a title page. Students should follow the student format unless otherwise requested by their professor. Student title page example from the APA Style Blog:

 

Title is centered, bold print, 3-4 lines from top of page. ​Capitalize major words.

Author's name is centered on separate line 2 doubled space lines under title.

Author's affiliation is centered on separate line double spaced under author's name. Include both ​department and institution separated by comma.

Course number and name (separated by a colon) are centered on separate line double spaced under author's affiliation, as they are written on course material.

Instructor name is centered on separate line double spaced under course information, as it is written on course material.​

Assignment due date is on a separate line centered under instructor's name.  

Set title page to page number 1. Set your word processing program to add page numbers in sequence in top right hand corner each page header.

 

HEADINGS:

APA 7 does not require a running title header for student papers: PAGE HEADER IS PAGE NUMBER ONLY.

Headings help outline different sections of your paper. Make your heading titles concise and descriptive. APA has 5 levels of headings (see APA Style Blog information on headings for details). Use only the level of headings necessary to differentiate distinct parts of your paper. Short student papers may not require headings. 

The first paragraph(s) of your paper is understood to be the introduction. Therefore, the heading “Introduction” is not needed. Do not use numbers or letters in your headings. Headings should be double spaced. Do not add blank lines above or below headings.

Format of Headings (All headings are in title case, meaning most words are capitalized (e.g., Beyond the Melting Pot):

Level 1 is Centered, Bold in Title Case (text begins with new paragraph)

      Level 2 is Flush Left, Bold in Title Case (text begins with new paragraph)

      Level 3 is Flush left, Bold Italic in Title Case (text begins with new paragraph)

Level 4 is Indented, Bold in Title Case. ending with a period (text begins on same line as heading, continuing as a regular paragraph.

Level 5 is Indented, Bold and Title Case. ending with a period (text begins on same line as heading, continuing as a regular paragraph.

 

LINE SPACING:

APA states, "in general, double-space all parts of an APA Style paper, including the abstract; text; block quotations; table and figure numbers, titles, and notes; and reference list (including between and within entries). See their Style Blog for line spacing exceptions.

 

SAMPLE PAPERS:

Sample paper in Microsoft Word (.docx) without annotations from the APA Style Blog:

Student Sample Paper (DOCX, 38KB )

Sample paper with detailed annotations from the APA Style Blog: 

Annotated Student Sample Paper (PDF, 2MB)

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When using outside sources or others’ ideas to strengthen an argument in your paper, you must give the author credit to avoid any charges of plagiarism (see John Jay College’s policy on Academic Integrity). APA (American Psychological Association) is one style of formatting citations for outside sources for both your References page (list of your sources) and your in-text citations (reference, within the text of your paper, to a specific source that you have listed in your References page). This guide provides examples to citations to some of the most common sources in APA 7 format. If you need more guidance, contact your instructor, the John Jay Writing Center, or a librarian.

Quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing are three ways in which you may incorporate external sources into your paper. For detailed information on creating in-text citations, see the In-Text Citations Explained box in this guide. See the In-Text Citation Format box in this guide for proper formatting.

Quoting

Quoting is reproducing text verbatim (exactly as written) from another source. When you quote directly from a source, you must provide an in-text citation to give credit to that source and refer the reader to the source's listing on your References page.

Short Quotations (fewer than 40 words): Incorporate the quote into the narrative of your text. Begin and end with double quotation marks. Place the in-text citation after the author's name or at the end of the quote:

According to Geppert (2019, p. 116), "it is imperative that development economists extend their research beyond purely economic factors and focus their attention on creating more inclusive, and hence more accurate, measures of development and national well-being." 

In ancient Egypt, black pigment “was the best-known form of makeup…used by people of all classes” ("Egyptian Body Decorations," 2013, p. 39).

Long Quotations (more than 40 words): Separate the quotation by creating a double-spaced indented block without quotation marks. Indent 5 spaces from the left margin. Place the in-text citation after the author's name or at the end of the quote:

According to Geppert:

Although this analysis has revealed that there is a statistically significant relationshipbetween a variety of economic, political and social factors and happiness, it is important to note it is almost impossible to make a clear distinction between economic, political and social variables (2019, p. 116).

 

Jewelry was a form of body decoration ("Egyptian Body Decorations," 2013, p. 39):

Another way that Egyptians ornamented themselves was through the use of jewelry. The best-known pieces of jewelry were the highly decorated collars and pectorals (jewelry that was hung over the chest by a chain around the neck) that both men and women wore on their upper chests, under and around their necks.

 

Paraphrasing and Summarizing

Paraphrasing is using your own words to restate another’s idea(s). Summarizing is using your own words to succinctly report the essence of another's idea(s). Provide an in-text citation each time you paraphrase or summarize another's idea to refer the reader to the source's listing on your References page. When applicable, include information to refer the reader to the specific part of the source being discussed. Use quotation marks for phrases that you cannot substitute with your own words:

According to Zapf & Jung (2006), “criminal responsibility” can be evaluated by referring to information from the defendant’s interview, and forensic test results (p.340).

Clifford Geertz (1973) is well known for discussing ethnography as “thick description.”

 

When incorporating external sources into the body of your paper by quoting, paraphrasing or summarizing you must include an in-text citation which gives credit to the appropriate source. The in-text citation refers the reader to the source's listing on your References page. Therefore, it helps to first complete your References page, listing all your sources.

See the Quoting, Paraphrasing and Summarizing: Incorporating External Sources box for how to properly incorporate outside sources within the body of your paper. See the In-Text Citation Format box in this guide for properly formatting in-text citations.

There are two types of in-text citations: 

Parenthetical Citations: Parenthetical citations indicate the author(s) or title of the source, its publication year and the part of the source you are quoting, summarizing or paraphrasing in parentheses within or at the end of a sentence.

• Begin with the first element of the source listed on your References page--author(s) name(s) or first few words of the title (when there is no author).
  • ​Follow author format for in-text citations below.
  • Add a well-known abbreviation for an organization in brackets for the first citation. Use its abbreviation for subsequent citations (see APA example below).
  • When the first element of a citation is a title:
    • Shorten long titles.
    • Use Title Case (instead of Sentence case used in the References page citation).*
    • Italicize titles that are italicized in the References page citation.
    • Add double quotation marks for titles that are not italicized in the References page citation. 
  • Use year of publication only. 
• Lastly, provide information to lead the reader to the part you are quoting, paraphrasing or summarizing.
  • Often it will be a page number(s). 
  • Use designations such as paragraph number (para.), major heading (Introduction), Chapter number, Figure/Table number, etc., for sources without pagination.
  • Provide a timestamp for sections of video and audio sources.
  • Provide a Slide number for PowerPoint sources.

Narrative Citations:  Narrative citations name the source within the text of a sentence. The date and specific part of the source to which you are referring appear in parentheses immediately after naming the author or title or at the end of the sentence. Some examples: 

Smith (2015) surveyed this phenomenon.

A famous survey of this phenomenon (Smith, 2015) showed that...

In 2015, Smith demonstrated that...

"White rats are the best subjects for this test," said Smith (2015, pp. 50-51).

Smith went on to explain, "Hamsters make better pets than lab rats" (2015, p.51).

(from APA Style (7th Edition) from Albert S. Cook Library, Towson University)

 

* Title case has most words capitalized: Beyond the Melting Pot.  Sentence case has only the first word capitalized with all other words lowercase except for proper nouns: Beyond the melting pot.

Formating In-text Citations

See the Quoting, Paraphrasing and Summarizing: Incorporating External Sources box in this guide for how to properly incorporate outside sources within the body of your paper. See the In-Text Citations Explained box in this guide for detailed information.

 

 

 

 

Format author(s) name(s) as last name, first initial. middle initial. (if provided):

Single author: 

Schutt, R. K. 

2 authors: List both authors, separated by a comma and an ampersand (&) instead of “and:”  

Bachman, R., & Schutt, R. K.                    

3 to 20 authors: List each author up to 19 authors, separated by a comma, adding an ampersand (&) before the last author’s name:  

Kan, K. J., Beijsterveldt, C., Bartels, M., & Boomsma, D.

More than 20 authors: List first 19 authors, separated by a comma.  Use an ellipsis (...) in the place of all additional authors, ending with the final author's name directly after the ellipsis (no ampersand):

Juárez, U., Riyaziyyat, E., Wang, C., Zhang, I., Li, P., Yang, R., Kumar, B., Xu, A., Martinez, R., McIntosh, V., Ibáñez, L. M., Mäkinen, G., Virtanen, E., . . . Kovács, A. *

*Source provided by the APA Style website 

Scholarship is becoming more and more available online. Much of the scholarly literature  (journals, papers, reports and increasingly books) is assigned a DOI, or "digital object identifier." A DOI is a unique alphanumeric string serving as a persistent link to a permanent location on the internet. 

APA recommends, whenever possible, to end a citation with a DOI in that DOIs remains fixed over a publication's lifetime whereas a URL may change over time.  

Many databases include DOIs. You may also find DOIs online by viewing the publication's webpage or using the search form found here: https://doi.crossref.org/simpleTextQuery  

Look for the following formats (“xxxxx” refers to the DOI number): 

https://doi.org/xxxxx

http:/dx.doi.org/xxxxx 

doi:xxxxx or DOI:xxxxx

Whatever version you find, APA recommends presenting all DOIs found in citations in this format:

https://doi.org/xxxxx

 

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of book: Subtitle of book. Publisher.

 

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596

 

Anaya, R., & Márquez, A. (1984). Cuentos Chicanos: A short story anthology (Rev. ed.). University of New Mexico Press.

 

Saunders, G. (2000). Pastoralia: Stories. Riverhead Books.

 

Weber, M. (with Giddons, A.). (1992). The Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism (T. Parsons, Trans.). Routledge. (Original work published 1930).

 

• Follow the author format in this guide for the author(s) name. 
• An author, in addition to an individual or individuals, may be a group (e.g. organization, association, corporation, government agency). Capitalize a group as a proper name.
• When citing an edited book as a whole use the editor(s) name as the author(s) and follow the format for Edited Book as a Whole in this guide.
• When citing a particular part within an edited work (e.g. an essay or chapter) will have an author(s) of the part you are citing AND an editor(s) of the work as a whole.  Follow the format for Part of an Edited Book (Chapter/Essay/Article) in this guide.
• Include nonprimary authors specifically credited (e.g. translator(s) or author of an introduction or foreword) by adding a notation directly after the author's name as "(with Author, A. A.)."
• Include edition information (revised, update, number) after the title. 
• If author and publisher are the same, omit the publisher.
• Some print books have a DOI (digital objective identifier unique to each item). Include it as a hyperlink (https://doi.org/xxxxxxx) if available. See the DOIs and How to Find Them box in this guide.

 

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of book: Subtitle of book. Publisher. DOI or URL (if stable and freely available)

 

Haffner-Ginger, B. (2012). California Mexican-Spanish cook book: Selected Mexican and Spanish recipes. https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/39586

 

Menendez, D., & Marcella, A. J. (2008). Cyber forensics: A field manual for collecting, examining, and preserving evidence of computer crimes (2nd ed.). Auerbach Publications.

 

Saunders, G. (2000). Pastoralia: Stories. Riverhead Books.

 

Thomas, H., & Ahmed, J. (Eds.). (2004). Cultural bodies: Ethnography and theory. Blackwell Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470775837

 

• Follow the author format in this guide for the author(s) name. 
• An author, in addition to an individual or individuals, may be an organization, association, corporation or government agency. Capitalize those authors as a proper name.
• When citing an edited book as a whole use the editor(s) name as the author(s) and follow the Edited Book as a Whole format in this guide.
• When citing a particular part within an edited work (e.g. an essay or chapter) will have an author(s) of the part you are citing AND an editor(s) of the work as a whole.  Follow the format for Part of an Edited Book (Chapter/Essay/Article) in this guide.
• Include nonprimary authors specifically credited (e.g. translator(s) or author of an introduction or foreword) by adding a notation directly after the author's name as "(with Author, A. A.)."
• Include edition information (revised, update, number) after the title. 
• If author and publisher are the same, omit the publisher.
• Include the DOI (digital objective identifier unique to each item) as a hyperlink (https://doi.org/xxxxxxx) if available. See the DOIs and How to Find Them box in this guide.
• If the DOI is not available, include the URL but only if the link is stable and the material is accessible to everyone.
• Do NOT include a database name or database URL. 
• Avoid punctuation after the DOI or URL to avoid corrupting the link.
• If the DOI is not available and the URL is neither stable nor accessible to everyone, treat the ebook (electronic book) the same as a print book and end with the publisher even if you read it online.

 

 Editor, A. A. (Ed.). (Year). Title of book: Subtitle of book. Publisher.  

 Editor, A. A. (Ed.). (Year). Title of book: Subtitle of book. Publisher. DOI or URL (if stable and freely available)

 

Bowers, J. M., & Tick, J. (Eds.). (1986). Women making music: The Western art tradition, 1150-1950. University of Illinois Press.

 

Cullen, F., Agnew, R., & Wilcox, P. (Eds.). (2018). Criminological theory: Past to present--Essential readings (6th ed.). Oxford University Press.

 

Kroop, S., Mikroyannidis, A., & Wolpers, M. (Eds.). (2015). Responsive open learning environments: Outcomes of research from the ROLE project. SpringerLink.

https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-319-02399-1

 

Thomas, H., & Ahmed, J. (Eds.). (2004). Cultural bodies: Ethnography and theory. Blackwell Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470775837

 

• When citing an entire edited work, treat the editor(s) as authors and follow the author format in this guide for the author(s) name. When citing a part of an edited work (e.g. essay, article or chapter) follow the format for Part of an Edited Book in this guide.
• Include nonprimary authors specifically credited (e.g. translator(s) or author of an introduction or foreword) by adding a notation directly after the author's name as "(with Author, A. A.)."
• Include edition information (revised, update, number) after the title. 
• If author and publisher are the same, omit the publisher.
• Include the DOI (digital objective identifier unique to each item) as a hyperlink (https://doi.org/xxxxxxx) if available for both print and electronic books.
• If the DOI is not available, end print books with the publisher. For electronic books, include the URL but only if the link is stable and the material is accessible to everyone.
• Do NOT include a database name or database URL. 
• Avoid punctuation after the DOI or URL to avoid corrupting the link.
• If the DOI is not available and the URL is neither stable nor accessible to everyone, treat the ebook (electronic book) the same as a print book and end with the publisher even if you read it online.

• When citing a particular part within an edited work (e.g. chapter, essay, article) you will generally have an author(s) and title for the part you are citing AND an editor(s) and title for the work as a whole. When citing the entire edited work, follow Edited Book as a Whole in this guide.
• Follow the author format in this guide for the author(s) name. 
• The editor format is: first initial. middle initial (if provided) last name.
• Include edition information (revised, update, number). 
• Include the page number(s) for the part you are citing.
• Include the DOI (digital objective identifier unique to each item) as a hyperlink (https://doi.org/xxxxxxx) if available for both print and electronic books.
• If the DOI is not available, end print books with the publisher.  For electronic books, include the URL but only if the link is stable and the material is accessible to everyone.
• Do NOT include a database name or database URL. 
• Avoid punctuation after the DOI or URL to avoid corrupting the link.
• If the DOI is not available and the URL is neither stable nor accessible to everyone, treat the ebook (electronic book) the same as a print book and end with the publisher even if you read it online.

PRINT:

Author, A. A. (Date). Title of part. In Title of book: Subtitle of book (Edition, Vol., p. page or pp. pages). Publisher. 

 

Collins, E. F. (2012). Tattooing and piercing. In M. Juergensmeyer & W. C. Roof (Eds.), Encyclopedia of global religion (Vol. 2, pp. 1265-1267). SAGE Reference.

 

Merriam-Webster. (1997). Goat. In Merriam Webster’s collegiate dictionary (10th ed., pp. 499-500). 

 

Stedman, T. L. (2004). Glossitis. In The American Heritage Stedman's medical dictionary (2nd ed., p. 333). Houghton Mifflin.

 

St. George, J., & Canavan, F. P. (2005). Crisis Intervention. In L. E. Sullivan & M. S. Rosen (Eds.), Encyclopedia of law enforcement: Vol. 1. State and local (pp. 122-125). SAGE Reference.

 

 

• The format for a print dictionary, encyclopedia or thesaurus is similar to the format used for a Part of an Edited Book (see above).
• Some print dictionary entries or encyclopedia articles have an author listed. The author may very well be a company or organization responsible for the work if no individual author is listed (see Merriam-Webster example). Begin your citation with the author's name if one is credited.
• Follow the author format in this guide.
• Begin your citation with the title of the dictionary entry or encyclopedia article if there is no author.
• The title of the source--title of the dictionary, encyclopedia or thesaurus--is italicized rather than the specific page (dictionary entry or encyclopedia article) you are citing within that book.
• Include editor(s) information for the source if listed (see Collins example).
• Include the edition and publication date for the source you consulted.

 

ONLINE:

Exact publication date is available:

Author, A. A. (Date). Title of webpage. In Website Name. (Edition, Vol. Number). URL (if stable and freely accessible)

 

No publication date is available:

Author, A. A. (n.d.). Title of webpage. In Website Name. (Edition, Vol. Number). Retrieved date, from URL (if stable and freely accessible)

 

American Psychological Association. (n.d.). Phobic avoidance. In APA dictionary of psychology. Retrieved January 18, 2020, from https://dictionary.apa.org/phobic-avoidance​

 

Force majeure. (n.d.). In Thesaurus.com. Retrieved April 9, 2020, from https://www.thesaurus.com/browse/force%20majeure?s=t

 

Folk music. (2020, February 16). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music

 

McAlister, E. A. (2020, February 14). Vodon: Haitian religion. In Encyclopaedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Vodou

 

Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Innuendo. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved February 25, 2020, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/innuendo

 

Speaks, J. (2019). Theories of meaning. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (Winter 2019 ed).  Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2019/entries/meaning/

 

 

• The format for an online dictionary, encyclopedia or thesaurus is similar to the format used for a Part of an Edited Book (see above).
• Some online dictionary entries or encyclopedia articles have an author listed. The author may very well be a company or organization when no individual author is listed (see American Psychological Association and Merriam-Webster examples). Begin your citation with the author's name if one is credited.
• Follow the author format in this guide.
• Begin your citation with the title of the dictionary entry or encyclopedia article if there is no author.
• The title of the source--website for the dictionary, encyclopedia or thesaurus--is italicized rather than the specific page (dictionary entry or encyclopedia article) you are using on that website.
• Include the URL but only if the link is stable and the material is accessible to everyone.
• Online sources may be updated and/or change over time, and therefore, may not have an exact date. Use a permanent (archived) page with its date and URL whenever possible. For example, when citing Wikipedia articles, click on "View History” to chose an archived page.
• If there is no date or you cannot find a permanent page/URL, use n.d. for “no date” and add “Retrieved” with your date of access before the URL.
• Do not include a database name or database URL.

 

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article: Subtitle of article. Title of Journal, Vol. Number(Issue Number), Pages.

 

Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article: Subtitle of article. Title of Journal, Vol. Number(Issue Number), Pages. DOI or URL (if stable and freely accessible)

 

Abraham, M., Bahr, S., & Trappmann, M. (2019, June 25). Gender differences in willingness to move for interregional job offers. Demographic Research, 40, 1537-1602. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2019.40.53

 

Geppert, K. (2019). Does money buy happiness? A cross-country look at the relationship between income and happiness. Issues in Political Economy, 28(2), 102–121. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Does-money-buy-happiness-A-cross-country-look-at-Geppert/d1e15e62f5d4457c769d96ae5c0a11bc473ef464

 

Lawson, N. (2016). It’s a man’s prison: How the traditional incarceration model fails female offenders in Kansas. Kansas Journal of Law & Public Policy, 25(2), 273–288.

 

Pegion, K., Kirtman, B. P., Becker, E., Collins, D. C., LaJoie, E., Burgman, R., Bell, R., DelSole, R., Min, D., Zhu, Y., Li, W., Sinsky, E., Guan, H., Gottschalck, J., Metzger, E. J., Barton, N. P., Achuthavarier, D., Marshak, J., Koster, R., . . .  Kim, H. (2019). The subseasonal experiment (SubX): A multimodel subseasonal prediction experiment. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 100(10), 2043-2061. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0270.1*

 

Philips, L., Allen, R., Bull, R., Hering, A., Kliegel, M., & Channon, S. (2015). Older adults have difficulty in decoding sarcasm. Developmental Psychology, 51(12), 1840-1852. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000063

 

 

• Follow the author format in this guide. 
• Italicize the name of the journal and the volume number (NOT the volume's issue number)
• Include the DOI (digital objective identifier unique to each article) as a hyperlink (https://doi.org/xxxxxx) for both print and online articles if available.
• If the DOI is not available, include the URL but only if the link is stable and the material is accessible to everyone.
• If the DOI is not available and the URL is neither stable nor accessible to everyone, treat the online article the same as a print article and end with page number(s) even if you read it online.  
• Do NOT include a database name or database URL.
• Avoid punctuation after the DOI or URL to avoid corrupting the link.

 

*source provided by Owl Purdue Online Writing Lab

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Magazine Title, Vol. Number(Issue Number), Pages.

 

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Magazine Title, Vol. Number(Issue Number), Pages. URL (if stable and freely accessible) 

 

Austen, B. (2018, June 21). Peace officers. New Republic. https://newrepublic.com/article/148854/peace-officers

 

Gregory, S. (2020, March 26). ‘Without empathy, nothing works.’ Chef Jose Andres wants to feed the world through the pandemic. Time, 195(12). https://time.com/5810564/without-empathy-nothing-works-chef-jose-andres-wants-to-feed-the-world-through-the-pandemic/

 

Kandel, E. R., & Squire, L. R. (2000, November 10). Neuroscience: Breaking down scientific barriers. Science, 290(5494), 1113-1120. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.290.5494.1113

 

Shell, E. R. (2019). Obesity on the brain. Scientific American, 321(4), 38–45.

 

• Follow the author format in this guide. 
• Begin with the title if no author is listed.
• Italicize the name of the magazine and the volume number (NOT the volume's issue number)
• For online articles, include the URL but only if the link is stable and the material is accessible to everyone.
• If the URL is neither stable nor accessible to everyone, treat the online article the same as a print article and end with page number(s) even if you read it online.   
• Do NOT include a database name or database URL.
• When using a stable and freely accessible URL for online articles, if there is missing volume, issue and/or page number(s) simply omit that piece of information and place a period after the magazine title followed by the URL (see Austen and Gregory examples above). 
• Avoid punctuation after the URL to avoid corrupting the link.

 

IMPORTANT: This newspaper format is only for NEWSPAPER ARTICLES--articles published in either a print or online newspaper (newspaper website that is associated with a daily or weekly newspaper). Follow the News Webpage format in this guide for articles from a ONLINE NEWS SOURCE such as CNN, BBC, Bloomberg, Reuters or HuffPost---news website without an associated daily or weekly newspaper.

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Newspaper Title, section/page(s).

 

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Newspaper Title, section/page(s). URL (if stable and freely accessible)

 

Hilts, P. J. (1999, February 16). In forecasting their emotions, most people flunk out. The New York Times, F2. https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/16/science/in-forecasting-their-emotions-most-people-flunk-out.html

 

Johnson, C. Y. (2019, October 20). 'Use it or lose it'? Study links excessive brain activity to shortened life. The Washington Post, A3.

 

Printz, L. (2012, September 30). Ready to plug in? Knowledge is power: Plenty to ponder if you plan to own electric car. Chicago Tribune.

 

Voice of the people: Close Rikers, rethink mental health [Editorial].  (2019, February 18). New York Daily News, 20.

 

• Follow the author format in this guide. 
• Begin with the title if no author is listed.
• Italicize the name of the newspaper.
• For online articles, include the URL but only if the link is stable and the material is accessible to everyone. Some newspaper websites require subscription fees, and therefore, articles are not accessible to everyone.
• Do NOT include a database name or database URL.
• If the URL is neither stable nor accessible to everyone, treat the online article the same as a print article even if you read it online.   
• Avoid punctuation after the URL to avoid corrupting the link.
• If section and/or page number(s) information is missing, omit that piece of information (see Printz and Voice of the people examples above).

 

IMPORTANT: This news webpage format is only for online news sources such as CNN, BBC, Salon or HuffPost that are not associated with a published newspaper. For websites that are online versions of daily or weekly newspapers, use the newspaper article format in this guide. 

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). News article title. News Website Name. URL (if stable and accessible)

 

BBC. (2016, May 17). How much of your body is your own? http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/the-making-of-me-and-you

 

Heilweil, R. (2020, April 8). 6 things to know about telehealth: Due to Covid-19, video chats with doctors are becoming mainstream. Here’s how it all works. Vox. https://www.vox.com/recode/2020/4/8/21212432/telemedicine-how-to-video-chat-doctors

 

Oliver, T. (2020, April 5). Why overcoming racism is essential for humanity’s survival. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200403-how-to-overcome-racism-and-tribalism

 

“Sarah,” (Guest Writer). (2020, January 13). I’m in love with an undocumented immigrant and we are living in constant terror. HuffPost. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/dating-undocumented-immigrant_n_5e1604d8c5b6c7b859d43779

 

• Read the “About Us” section of the website for author and website name information---it may be a person, institution, association, organization, government agency, etc. 
• Follow the author format in this guide for author(s) name. 
• If there is no author listed for the specific page you are viewing, list the organization/publisher you find in the "About Us" section on the website as the author. 
• Capitalize group authors as a proper name.
• If the author and website name are the same, omit the website name in the reference (see the BBC example above).
• Online news sources have content that is updated and/or changes over time.  Use an archived (permanent) page with its date and URL whenever possible.
• Most often you will find a date, however, if there is no a date for the article you are citing or you cannot find an archived (permanent) page/URL, use n.d. for “no date” and add “Retrieved” with your date of access before the URL.

IMPORTANT: When mentioning a website in your paper without quoting or paraphrasing from it, simply provide the name of that website and add its URL in parentheses--you do not need to list it in your References page. 

IMPORTANT: Use the webpage format below only if no other format applies---follow the other formats listed in this guide if your source is an online book; online dictionary/encyclopedia article such as Wikipedia; online journal, magazine or newspaper article; article from an online news source; social media page/post; audiovisual item, or online government report.

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Webpage title: Webpage subtitle. Website Name. URL (if stable and freely accessible)

 

Author, A. A. (n.d.). Webpage title: Webpage subtitle. Website Name. Retrieved Date, from URL (if stable and freely accessible)

 

If there is no author listed:

Webpage title: Webpage subtitle. (date or n.d.). Website Name. URL (if stable and freely accessible). Make sure to add the retrieval date as above if there is no date (n.d.) listed for your webpage.

 

 

Amnesty International. (n.d.). Cuba. Retrieved April 13, 2020, from https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/americas/cuba/

 

Bloomberg. (2020, April 7). SBA computers crash in fresh blow to companies seeking virus aid. https://www.americanbanker.com/articles/sba-computers-crash-in-fresh-blow-to-companies-seeking-virus-aid 

 

Brown, M., & Mendis, N. (2018, July 25). The separation of immigrant families: Historical anecdotes. Center for Migration Studies. http://cmsny.org/from-the-cms-archive-separation-of-families/

 

Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases. (2019, June 13). Food safety: A changing landscape in a global world. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/features/worldfoodsafetyday.html

 

U.S. Census Bureau. (n.d.). U.S. and world population clock. U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved January 9, 2020, from https://www.census.gov/popclock/*

 

• Read the “About Us” section of the website for author and website name information---it may be a person, institution, association, organization, government agency, etc. 
• If there is no author listed for the specific page you are viewing, list the organization/institution/government agency/association you find in the "About Us" section of the webpage as the author.
• Follow the author format in this guide for author(s) name. 
• Capitalize group authors as a proper name.
• If the author and website name are the same, omit the website name in the reference (see the American Banker and Amnesty International examples above).
• Some websites have content that is updated and/or changes over time (Google Maps, census data, etc.). Use an archived (permanent) page with its date and URL whenever possible.
• If there is no a date on the specific page you are citing or you cannot find an archived (permanent) page/URL, use n.d. for “no date” and add “Retrieved” with your date of access before the URL (see Amnesty International and U.S. Census examples).

 

*source provided by the APA Style website

Use this format when you are citing content originally published on a social media site. For sources you find through a particular social media post (e.g. link to an article or video) that you wish to include in your paper, cite that original source directly.

This social media format has two formats.  

1. Social media page, profile or account:

• Provide the title of the page you are citing in italics (e.g. Home, Profile, Tweets, Media, Likes, Photos, etc.).
• Add a descriptive notation in brackets after the title (e.g. [Facebook page] or [Twitter profile]).
• Because social media pages change over time (e.g. homepages, timelines, etc.), use the notation "n.d." for no date and  add “Retrieved” with your date of access before the URL.

2. Social media post or content published on a social media platform:

• For a particular post, tweet, photograph, etc. published on a social media site, provide the first 20 words of text as the title.
• Add a notation for the post type in square brackets after the content text (e.g. [Status update], [Facebook post], [Photograph], [Video], etc.).
• Do not alter nonstandard or erroneous spellings or capitalization---include the text as it is written.
• Include hashtags, links and emojis, counting them as one word of the text. If you are not able to include an emoji, provide its name or description in square brackets (e.g. [winking face]). Find emoji names and descriptions here: https://unicode.org/emoji/charts/emoji-list.html
• If a post includes audiovisual materials such as a video or image add its description in square brackets after the text (e.g. [Photograph]).  
• Use the exact date of the posts when available. 

 

FACEBOOK:

Facebook Page: 

Author, A. A. or Group Name. (n.d.). Page Title [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved date, from URL

American Library Association. (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved April 14, 2020, from https://www.facebook.com/AmericanLibraryAssociation/

 

John Jay College Library. (n.d.). Photos [Facebook page]. Retrieved April 16, 2020, from https://www.facebook.com/pg/johnjaylibrary/photos/?ref=page_internal

 

Official Jackson Browne. (n.d.). Videos [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved April 15, 2020, from https://www.facebook.com/pg/OfficialJacksonBrowne/videos/?ref=page_internal

 

Facebook Post:

Author, A. A. or Group Name. (Date). Content of post up to first 20 words [Description of image/hashtag/link if included][Post type]. Facebook. URL

 

ITS at Syracuse University.  (2020, April 13). When in doubt, don’t click: A phishing scam posing as an email about MySlice is targeting the #SyracuseU community [Image attached] [Facebook post]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/ SyracuseITS/photos/a.183464591697636/3372994842744579/?type=3&theater

 

John Jay College Library. (2020, April 2). Did you know that #johnjaylibrary #digitalcollections has a collection of images from 1940-1945 of #mugshots #rapsheets & #criminalinvesitgation #documents? [Images attached] [Facebook post]. Facebook.

         https://www.facebook.com/pg/johnjaylibrary/posts/?ref=page_internal

 

Official Jackson Browne. (2020, February 9) Photo from “A Human Touch” video, with @lesliemendelson. The song was written by Leslie, Steve McEwan and @jackson.browne.official for the [Image attached] [Photograph]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/OfficialJacksonBrowne/photos/a.1015022333865708 /10157241626597087/?type=3&theater

 

TWITTER:

Twitter Profile: 

Author, A. A. or Group Name [@username]. (n.d.). Twitter tab [Twitter profile]. Twitter. Retrieved date, URL

APA Style [@APA_Style]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Twitter. Retrieved January 15, 2020, from https://twitter.com/APA_Style *

 

Brooklyn Museum [@brooklynmuseum]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Twitter. Retrieved April 24, 2020, from https://twitter.com/brooklynmuseum 

 

Lloyd Sealy Library [@JohnJayLibrary]. (n.d.). Likes [Twitter profile]. Twitter. Retrieved April 16, 2020, from https://twitter.com/JohnJayLibrary/likes

 

 

Tweet: 

Author, A. A. or Group Name [@username]. (Date). Content of tweet up to first 20 words [Description of image/hashtag/link if included] [Tweet]. Twitter. URL

APA Databases [@APA_Databases]. (2019, September 5). Help students avoid plagiarism and researchers navigate the publication process. More details available in the 7th edition @APA_Style table [Image attached] [Tweet]. Twitter.  https://twitter.com/APA_Databases/status/1169644365452578823 *

 

New York Times Arts [@nytimesarts]. (2019, February 1). Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera’s Blue House in Mexico City travels to the United States for the first time. Unearthed [Thumbnail with link attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/nytimesarts/status/1091546540215283712

 

NPR's Latino USA [@LatinoUSA]. (2019, February 11). A first-of-its-kind exhibit opened at the Brooklyn Museum gives fans of iconic artist Frida Kahlo a chance. [Thumbnail with link attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/LatinoUSA/status/1095087584609517568

 

INSTAGRAM:

PROFILE/HIGHLIGHT

Author, A. A. or Group Name [@username]. (n.d.). Highlight or Instagram tab [Highlight or Instagram profile]. Instagram. Retrieved date, from URL

Food Network [@foodnetwork]. (n.d.). Posts [Instagram profile]. Instagram. Retrieved April 16, 2020, from https://www.instagram.com/foodnetwork/?hl=en

 

National Geographic [@natgeo]. (n.d.). IGTV [Instagram profile]. Instagram. Retrieved December 8, 2019, from https://www.instagram.com/natgeo/channel/*

 

PHOTO/VIDEO

Author, A. A. or Group Name [@username]. (Date). Content text [Description of image/hastag/link if included]. [Photograph(s)/Video(s)]. Instagram. URL

 

BBC [@bbc]. (2020, January 12). Skywatchers have been treated to the first full moon of 2020-known as a “wolf moon”-at the same time as a [Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/B7OkWqbBwcf/**

 

Food Network [@foodnetwork]. (2020, April 10). Once you stuff your chocolate chip cookies with an ooey gooey hazelnut filling, you'll never be the same again! Watch [Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/B-xq5pQlVUY/

 

The New York Public Library [@nypl]. (2020, January 4). Happy #NationalTriviaDay! Patience and Fortitude are the beloved lions located outside of our 42nd Street location. These timeless lions have [Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/B66XsTilYZG/

 

*source provided by the APA Style website

**source provided by Purdue Owl Writing Lab

This format covers audiovisual, audio and visual material. APA distinguishes between works that stand alone (e.g. television series, music album, YouTube video, etc.) and works that are part of a whole (e.g. episode in a series, song from a music album, etc.). The author is the creator(s) of the work except for YouTube and other streaming videos where the uploader (account holder) is credited as the author in order to easily access the source. Look for some of these common author categories:

Film (Director)
Television Series (Executive Producer)
Television Episode (Writer and/or Director)
YouTube or other Streaming Video (Uploader)
TED Talk (Speaker if from TED website/Uploader if from YouTube)
Podcast (Host)
Webinar (Speaker/Instructor)
Music Album or Song (Recording Artist or Composer)
Artwork (Photographer, Painter, Illustrator, etc.)
Conference/Presentation (Presenter)
PowerPoint (Creator)
 

WORK AS A WHOLE (STAND ALONE):

• Work may have more than one author and/or authors in distinct roles.
• Author may be a group. Capitalize as a proper name.
• Date may be a range of time (e.g. 2001-2003 or 2017-present).
• Italicize title of work.
• Add description in brackets (e.g. [Video], [Film], [Painting], [Podcast], [Song], etc.) after title. 
• Publisher could be a production company, record label, museum, university department, etc.
• There may be more than one production company. Include up to 20 production companies separated by a semicolon.
• Include the URL if work is online, stable and freely accessible to everyone. 

PART OF A WHOLE:

• Work may have more than one author and/or authors in distinct roles.
• ​Author may be a group. Capitalize as a proper name.
• Italicize title of whole NOT the part you are citing.
• Add description in brackets (e.g. [Video], [Painting], [Podcast], [Song], etc.) after title of the part.  
• Publisher could be a production company, record label, museum, university department, etc. 
• There may be more than one production company. Include up to 20 production companies separated by a semicolon. 
• Include the URL if work is online, stable and freely accessible to everyone. 

 

FILM/MOVIE (not necessary to indicate how you viewed the item):

Director, A. A. (Director). (Date). Title of film [Film]. Production Company/Companies.

 

Dahl, R. (Writer), & Stuart, M. (Director). (1971). Willy Wonka and the chocolate factory [Film]. Wolper Pictures; The Quaker Oats Company.

 

Fleming, V. (Director). (1939). Gone with the wind [Film]. Selznick International Pictures; Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.*

 

YouTube or STREAMING VIDEO:

Uploader/Account Holder, U. U. (Date of publication). Title of video [Video]. Website host. URL (if available, stable and freely accessible)

 

Caged Bird Songs. (2014, September 23). Still I rise by Maya Angelou (official lyric video) [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_UFMB4i1AJo&feature=emb_title

 

Chance The Rapper. (2019, July 26). All day long [Video]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V846b5ETp-c

 

John Jay College. (2019, October 1). Get to know the Prisoner Reentry Institute with Ann Jacobs [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-3RD1n8j-gw

 

TV SERIES:

Producer, A.A. (Producer(s)/Executive Producer(s)). (Date range). Title of TV series [TV series]. Production Company; Companies. 

 

Gorden, H., & Gansa, A. (Executive Producers). (2011-2020). Homeland [TV series]. Fox 21; Fox Television Studios.

 

Serling, R. (Executive Producer). (1959–1964). The twilight zone [TV series]. Cayuga Productions; CBS Productions.*

 

TV EPISODE:

Writer, A.A. (Writer), & Director, A.A. (Director). (Original Air Date). Title of episode (Season No., Episode No.) [TV series episode]. In A.A. Producer (Executive Producer), Title of TV series. Production Company; Companies. 

 

Serling, R., Bixby, J., (Writers), & Sheldon, J. (Director). (1961, November 3). It's a good life (Season 3, Episode 8) [TV series episode]. In R. Serling (Executive Producer), The twilight zone. Cayuga Productions; CBS Productions.

 

Stiehm, M. (Writer), & Cuesta, M. (Director). (2011, November 13). The weekend (Season 1, Episode 7) [TV series episode]. In H. Gorden & A. Gansa (Executive Producers), Homeland. Fox 21; Fox Television Studios.

 

TED TALK: Author is the speaker if video is directly from TED website. Author is the uploader/account holder if the video is from YouTube--add speakers' name in the tile of the talk.

Speaker, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of talk [Video]. TED Conferences. URL

Uploader, U. U. (Year, Month Day). Speaker: Title of talk [Video]. YouTube. URL

 

Foss, A. (2016, February). A prosecutor’s vision for a better justice system [Video]. TED Conferences.  https://www.ted.com/talks/ adam_foss_a_prosecutor_s_vision_for_a_better_justice_system

 

TEDx Talks. (2018, May 23). Michiel Vandeweert: Life's short, make the most of it [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lFZvLeMbJ_U

 

PODCAST: Format differs for a podcast series and a podcast episode within a series.

Host, H. H. (Host). (Date range). Title of podcast series [Audio podcast]. Production company. URL (if accessed online)

 

Vedantam, S. (2015-present). Hidden brain. [Audio podcast]. NPR. https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510308/hidden-brain 

 

Host, H. H. (Host). (Date). Title of podcast episode (Episode number if available) [Audio podcast episode]. In Title of podcast series. Production Company. URL (if accessed online)

 

Vedantam, S., Penman, M., & Boyle, T. (2020, February 17). Liar, liar, liar [Audio podcast episode]. In Hidden brain. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2020/02/13/805808486/liar-liar-liar 

 

ARTWORK (Painting, photograph, illustration, infographic, etc.): Format differs for artwork associated with a museum or gallery (part of a whole) and art that stands on its own, not associated with a museum or gallery. Do not use database name or database URL.

Artist, A. A. (Date). Title of work [Medium]. Museum Name, Museum Location. URL (if viewed online) 

 

Klimt, G. (1907). Adele Bloch-Bauer I [Painting]. Neue Gallery, New York, NY, United States. https://www.neuegalerie.org/content/adele-bloch-bauer-i

 

Mitchell, T. (2019). Untitled [Group hula hoop] [Photograph]. International Center of Photography, New York, NY, United States. https://www.icp.org/exhibitions/tyler-mitchell-i-can-make-you-feel-good

 

Artist, A. A. (Date). Title of work [Medium]. Source. URL (if viewed online) 

 

Day, B. (2014, August 20). Don't shoot. [Political cartoon]. Cale Cartoons. http://caglecartoons.com/sku/152568/

 

The Sentencing Project. (2001). Lifetime likelihood of imprisonment for U.S. residents born in 2001 [Infographic]. https://www.sentencingproject.org/wpcontent/uploads/2015/10/lifetime-likelihood-of-imprisonment-by-race.png

 

MUSIC: Format differs between a whole (e.g. album or musical score) and one song of a whole.

Artist, A. A. (year). Title of whole [Description]. Recording Label.

 

The Beatles. (1968). The white album [Album]. Apple. 

 

Haydn, F. J. (2001). The creation [Musical score]. Dover Publications. (Original workpublished 1798).*

 

Artist, A. A. (year). Title of song [Song]. On Title of whole. Recording Label.

 

​The Beatles. (1968). Blackbird [Song]. On The white album. Apple.

 

Los Angeles Percussion Quartet. (2017). Fear release [Song]. On Beyond. Sono Luminus.

 

WEBINAR (archived and available online):

Author, A. A. (Date). Title of webinar [Webinar]. Producer. URL

 

American Psychological Association. (2019, October 24). What’s new in APA style—Inside the seventh edition of the Publication Manual of the APA. American Psychological Association. https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/tutorials-webinars

 

POWERPOINT or GOOGLE SLIDES/CLASS LECTURE NOTES:

Author, A. A. (Date). Title of slides or lecture [Description]. Source or Platform. URL (use login page for sources requiring a login)

 

Mack, R., & Spake, G. (2018). Citing open source images and formatting references for presentations [PowerPoint slides]. Canvas@FNU. https://fnu.onelogin.com/login*

 

McNeel, R. (n.d.) New hope for fading memories: Alzheimer's disease 

         [PowerPoint slide]​. BioEd Online. http://www.bioedonline.org/slides/hot-topics/new-hope-for-fading-memories-alzheimers-disease/

 

*source provided by the APA Style website

Dissertations and theses may be used as a source whether published or unpublished.  Unpublished dissertations and theses are most likely found in print at the author's institution. Published dissertations and theses may be found in databases (ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global, EBSCO Open Dissertations, PQDT Open), institutional repositories and archives, and personal websites. 

Author, A. A. (Date). Title of dissertation or thesis: Subtitle of dissertation or thesis

[Unpublished doctoral dissertation/master's thesis]. Institution Name.

 

Author, A. A. (Date). Title of report: Subtitle of report (Report No. if available). Publisher Name. URL (if stable and freely available to all)

 

National Cancer Institute. (2019). Taking time: Support for people with cancer (NIH Publication No. 18-2059). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/takingtime.pdf* 

New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. (2019). Health of older adults in New York City. 

https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/episrv/2019-older-adult-health.pdf

Rantala, R. R. (2004, March 1). Cybercrime against businesses: Pilot test results, 2001 computer security survey (NCJ 200639). Bureau of Justice Statistics.

 http://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=770

 

 

• Author of a government report may be a government agency/department or one or more individual(s).
• When the group author includes multiple layers of agencies or departments, use the most specific agency listed as author and parent agency as publisher in the citation.
• If the group author and publisher/organization are the same, do not repeat as the publisher in the citation.

 

*source provided by the APA Style website

The American Psychological Association recommends consulting The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation (the standard of legal citation style) or the Cornell Law School's Legal Information Institute  (https://www.law.cornell.edu/citation/​) to verify that your legal citations provide all necessary information and reflect the current state of legal authority. Find print copies of the The Bluebook in the Lloyd Sealy Library at the 2nd floor Reference Desk (KF245 .B58).

Legal citations are arranged alphabetically by first significant word or abbreviation in your References page.

URLs are not required for legal materials, however their inclusion may aid in retrieval for the reader. If included, place after the year in the References page citation.

The following examples and abbreviation chart below come from The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th edition. Consult Chapter 11 (Legal References) of the APA Manual (7th edition) for more information.

 

Federal Court Decisions:
U.S. Supreme Court--cases are published in the United States Reports, abbreviated as “U.S.” in References citation.

 

References page: Name v. Name, Volume U.S. Page (Year). 

Parenthetical citation: (Name v. Name, Year)

Narrative citation: Name v. Name (Year)

 

References page: Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954). 

Parenthetical citation: (Brown v. Board of Education, 1954)

Narrative citation: Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

 

 

References page: Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 U.S___(2015).

Parenthetical citation: (Obergefell v. Hodges, 2015)

Narrative citation: Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

 

*include three underscores for page number for cases after 2012 published without page numbers

 

U.S. Circuit Court--U.S. Circuit Court decisions are published in the Federal Reporter, abbreviated as "F.2d" or "F.3d." in References citation.

References page: Name v. Name, Volume F. [or F.2d, F.3d] Page (Court Year). 

Parenthetical citation: (Name v. Name, Year)

Narrative citation: Name v. Name (Year)

 

References page: Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 951 F.2d 1128 (9th Cir. 1991). 

Parenthetical citation: (Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 1991)

Narrative citation: Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (1991)

 

U.S. District Court--U.S. District Court decisions are published in the Federal Supplements, abbreviated as

"F. Supp." in References citation.

References page: Name v. Name, Volume F. Supp. Page (Court Year). 

Parenthetical citation: (Name v. Name, Year)

Narrative citation: Name v. Name (Year)

 

References page: Burriola v. Greater Toledo YMCA, 133 F. Supp. 2d 1034 (N.D. Ohio 2001). 

Parenthetical citation:  (Burriola v. Greater Toledo YMCA, 2001)

Narrative citation: Burriola v. Greater Toledo YMCA (2001)

 

 

U.S. State Court Decisions--find abbreviations for state reporters in the Bluebook.

 

References page: Name v. Name, Volume Reporter Page (Court Year).
Parenthetical citation: (Name v. Name, Year)
Narrative citation: Name v. Name (Year)

References page: Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California, 17 Cal.3d 425, 131 Cal. Rptr. 14,

551 P.2d 334 (1976). 

Parenthetical citation:  (Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California, 1976)
Narrative citation: Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California (1976)

 

Federal and State Statutes:

A statute is a law or act passed by a legislative body. There are federal and state statutes. Federal statutes are published in the United States Code (U.S.C.). State statutes are published in state code publications. Both federal and state codes are divided into sections called titles. The format for citing a state statute generally follows that of a federal statute. Consult the Bluebook or another legal resource to verify the format for a particular state. Follow the Bluebook for abbreviations and symbols used in state statute sources. URLs are not required, however, they may aid in retrieval.

Statutes:  

References page: Name of Act, Title Source § Section Number (Year).
Parenthetical citation: (Name of Act, Year) 
Narrative citation: Name of Act (Year)

If a statute is codified in a single section or range of sections it is not necessary to included the public law number:

Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990 
References page: Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990, 42 U.S.C. § 12101 et seq. (1990). 
Parenthetical citation: (Americans With Disabilities Act, 1990) 
Narrative citation: Americans With Disabilities Act (1990)

Every Student Succeeds Act of 2015
References page: Every Student Succeeds Act, 20 U.S.C. § 6301 (2015). 
Parenthetical citation: (Every Student Succeeds Act, 2015) 
Narrative citation: Every Student Succeeds Act (2015)

 

Add the public law number to the References page citation when an act is codified in scattered sections or before it is codified:

Federal statute, Civil Rights Act of 1964
References page: Civil Rights Act of 1964, Pub. L. No. 88-352, 78 Stat. 241 (1964).  
Parenthetical citation: (Civil Rights Act, 1964)
Narrative citation: Civil Rights Act (1964)

 

Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 
References page: Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009, Pub. L. No. 111-2, 123 Stat. 5 (2009). 
Parenthetical citation: (Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act, 2009) 
Narrative citation: Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act (2009)

 

Florida Mental Health Act
References page: Florida Mental Health Act, Fla. Stat. § 394 (1971 & rev. 2009).
Parenthetical citation: (Florida Mental Health Act, 1971/2009) 
Narrative citation: Florida Mental Health Act (1971/2009)

 

Bills and Resolutions:

This section refers to citing unenacted bills and resolutions (have not passed both houses of Congress) OR an enacted bill or resolution that has not been signed into law. Bills and resolutions that have been passed by both houses of Congress and signed by the president become law and should be cited as statutes (see above). Precede bill or resolution number by “H.R.” for House of Representatives or “S.” for Senate to indicate where the bill/resolution originated. Enacted resolutions are reported in the Congressional Record, abbreviated “Cong. Rec.” Include a URL if available.
 

Unenacted federal bill/resolution: (not yet passed in both houses)

Unenacted bill: Title [if relevant], H.R. or S. bill number, xxx Cong. (Year). 
Unenacted resolution: Title [if relevant], H.R. or S. Res. resolution number, xxx Cong. (Year).

References page: Mental Health on Campus Improvement Act, H.R. 1100, 113th Cong. (2013). 
Parenthetical citation: (Mental Health on Campus Improvement Act, 2013) 
Narrative citation: Mental Health on Campus Improvement Act (2013) 

Enacted federal resolution: (passed in both houses but not signed into law)

Senate: S. Res. xxx, xxx Cong., Volume Cong. Rec. Page (Year) (enacted). 
House of Representatives: H.R. Res. xxx, xxx Cong., Volume Cong. Rec. Page (Year) (enacted). 

References page: S. Res. 438, 114th Cong., 162 Cong. Rec. 2394 (2016) (enacted). 
Parenthetical citation: (S. Resolution 438, 2016) 
Narrative citation: Senate Resolution 438 (2016) 

 

Federal Regulations:

Format for rules and regulations and executive orders.  Include the URL of regulation if available online.

Federal regulation (codified)--regulations are published in the Code of Federal Regulations, abbreviated as "C.F.R." in the citation. Include the title or number of the regulation, CFR volume number, section number, and year regulation was codified.

Title or Number, Volume C.F.R. § xxx (Year). 
References page: Protection of Human Subjects, 45 C.F.R. § 46 (2009). https://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/sites/default/files/ohrp/policy/ohrpregulations.pdf
Parenthetical citation: (Protection of Human Subjects, 2009) 
Narrative citation: Protection of Human Subjects (2009) 

 

Federal regulation (not yet codified): Regulations not yet codified are published in the Federal Register, abbreviated as "F.R." in the citation. Provide the date of proposal. Include section of the Code of Federal Regulations where rule will be codified.

Title or Number, Volume F.R. Page (proposed Month Day, Year) (to be codified at

Volume C.F.R. § xxx). 

References page: Defining and Delimiting the Exemptions for Executive, Administrative, Professional,

Outside Sales and Computer Employees, 81 F.R. 32391 (proposed May 23, 2016)

(to be codified at 29 C.F.R. § 541).

Parenthetical citation: (Defining and Delimiting, 2016) 

Narrative citation: Defining and Delimiting (2016) 

 

Executive Orders:

Executive order:  Exec. Order No. xxxxx, 3 C.F.R. Page (Year). 

References page: Exec. Order No. 13,676, 3 C.F.R. 294 (2014). 
Parenthetical citation: (Exec. Order No. 13,676, 2014) 
Narrative citation: Executive Order No. 13,676 (2014)

 

Constitution:

When citing a whole federal or state constitution, you do not need a citation in your References page. Refer to the constitution in the body of your paper:

"The U.S. Constitution has 26 amendments." or "The United States Constitution has 26 amendments."
"The Massachusetts Constitution was ratified in 1780."

When discussing articles or amendments of constitutions, include a citation in your References page. The U.S. Constitution is abbreviated as “U.S. Const.” for both the References page and parenthetical citations. Use state abbreviations when citing state constitutions--find a listing of abbreviations on the Legal Information Institute's website https://www.law.cornell.edu/citation/4-500

U.S. Constitution article and amendment numbers are Roman numerals. State constitution article numbers are Roman numerals, amendment numbers are Arabic numerals. It is not necessary to include a date unless the amendment has been repealed (see below). URLs are not necessary for the reference. 

U.S. Constitution: U.S. Const. art. xxx, § x. 
State constitution: State Const. art. xxx, § x.

References page: U.S. Const. art. I, § 3. 
Parenthetical citation: (U.S. Const. art. I, § 3) 
Narrative citation: Article I, Section 3, of the U.S. Constitution  

References page: S.C. Const. art. XI, § 3. 
Parenthetical citation: (S.C. Const. art. IX, § 3) 
Narrative citation: Article IX, Section 3, of the South Carolina Constitution 

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: U.S. Const. amend. xxx. 

References page: U.S. Const. amend. XIX. 
Parenthetical citation: (U.S. Const. amend. XIX) 
Narrative citation: Amendment XIX to the U.S. Constitution 

 

TESTIMONY:

Include the title as it appears on the document.  Add subcommittee and/or committee names, separating multiple names by a comma. Indicate number of the Congress, the year in parentheses, and “testimony of” with name of the person who gave the testimony in separate parentheses. If the testimony is online, include a URL. 

Federal testimony: 

Title of testimony, xxx Cong. (Year) (testimony of Testifier Name).

References page: Federal real property reform: How cutting red tape and better management could

achieve billions in savings, U.S. Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs,

114th Cong. (2016) (testimony of Norman Dong). 

Parenthetical citation: (Federal Real Property Reform, 2016) 
Narrative citation: Federal Real Property Reform (2016) 

 

Full federal hearing: 

Title of hearing, xxx Cong. (Year).

Reference page: Strengthening the federal student loan program for borrowers: Hearing before the U.S.

Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor & Pensions, 113th Cong. (2014). 

Parenthetical citation: (Strengthening the Federal Student Loan Program, 2014) 
Narrative citation: Strengthening the Federal Student Loan Program (2014)