The handouts below refer to the 7th edition of the APA Style Manual. If your professor is requesting you use APA 6th edition, please click on the APA Style 6th edition tab in this guide. For further assistance, please contact a John Jay librarian or the John Jay Writing Center.
You may also consult these other APA 7 online resources:
APA Style Blog (American Psychological Association's companion website to their APA Publication Manual, 7th edition). Guidelines:
APA 7th Style Referencing Guide, AUT Library (Auckland University of Technology):
APA Style (7th ed.), Albert S. Cook Library (Towson University):
APA Style (7th ed.), OWL (Online Writing Lab at Purdue University)
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th edition)
This is the current version of the manual that was issued in the fall of 2019.
Due to the closing of physical libraries during the COVID-19 pandemic, please refer to the appropriate sections of this library guide and the handouts above in addition to some of the other online guides mentioned above.
APA 7 has two distinct styles of paper format--student and professional. Most formatting issues are the same except for a few differences in title page and page header. This guide focuses on APA formatting for student papers.
Consult the APA Style Blog for specifics on an APA professional paper, with examples: Professional Paper (DOCX, 96KB) and Annotated Professional Paper (PDF, 3MB)
APA style for student papers dictate the format for your title page, paper structure and references page. Follow See the APA Style Blog for formatting tables/figures, if included, and an abstract if requested by your professor. Keep in mind that specifics in terms of type and number of sources, required sections or number of pages, etc. are determined by your professor.
APA order of arrangement for your paper:
TITLE PAGE:
APA requires a title page. Students should follow the student format unless otherwise requested by their professor. Student title page example from the APA Style Blog:
Title is centered, bold print, 3-4 lines from top of page. Capitalize major words.
Author's name is centered on separate line 2 doubled space lines under title.
Author's affiliation is centered on separate line double spaced under author's name. Include both department and institution separated by comma.
Course number and name (separated by a colon) are centered on separate line double spaced under author's affiliation, as they are written on course material.
Instructor name is centered on separate line double spaced under course information, as it is written on course material.
Assignment due date is on a separate line centered under instructor's name.
Set title page to page number 1. Set your word processing program to add page numbers in sequence in top right hand corner each page header.
HEADINGS:
APA 7 does not require a running title header for student papers: PAGE HEADER IS PAGE NUMBER ONLY.
Headings help outline different sections of your paper. Make your heading titles concise and descriptive. APA has 5 levels of headings (see APA Style Blog information on headings for details). Use only the level of headings necessary to differentiate distinct parts of your paper. Short student papers may not require headings.
The first paragraph(s) of your paper is understood to be the introduction. Therefore, the heading “Introduction” is not needed. Do not use numbers or letters in your headings. Headings should be double spaced. Do not add blank lines above or below headings.
Format of Headings (All headings are in title case, meaning most words are capitalized (e.g., Beyond the Melting Pot):
Level 1 is Centered, Bold in Title Case (text begins with new paragraph)
Level 2 is Flush Left, Bold in Title Case (text begins with new paragraph)
Level 3 is Flush left, Bold Italic in Title Case (text begins with new paragraph)
Level 4 is Indented, Bold in Title Case. ending with a period (text begins on same line as heading, continuing as a regular paragraph.
Level 5 is Indented, Bold and Title Case. ending with a period (text begins on same line as heading, continuing as a regular paragraph.
LINE SPACING:
APA states, "in general, double-space all parts of an APA Style paper, including the abstract; text; block quotations; table and figure numbers, titles, and notes; and reference list (including between and within entries). See their Style Blog for line spacing exceptions.
SAMPLE PAPERS:
Sample paper in Microsoft Word (.docx) without annotations from the APA Style Blog:
Student Sample Paper (DOCX, 38KB )
Sample paper with detailed annotations from the APA Style Blog:
Annotated Student Sample Paper (PDF, 2MB)
When using outside sources or others’ ideas to strengthen an argument in your paper, you must give the author credit to avoid any charges of plagiarism (see John Jay College’s policy on Academic Integrity). APA (American Psychological Association) is one style of formatting citations for outside sources for both your References page (list of your sources) and your in-text citations (reference, within the text of your paper, to a specific source that you have listed in your References page). This guide provides examples to citations to some of the most common sources in APA 7 format. If you need more guidance, contact your instructor, the John Jay Writing Center, or a librarian.
Quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing are three ways in which you may incorporate external sources into your paper. For detailed information on creating in-text citations, see the In-Text Citations Explained box in this guide. See the In-Text Citation Format box in this guide for proper formatting.
Quoting
Quoting is reproducing text verbatim (exactly as written) from another source. When you quote directly from a source, you must provide an in-text citation to give credit to that source and refer the reader to the source's listing on your References page.
Short Quotations (fewer than 40 words): Incorporate the quote into the narrative of your text. Begin and end with double quotation marks. Place the in-text citation after the author's name or at the end of the quote:
According to Geppert (2019, p. 116), "it is imperative that development economists extend their research beyond purely economic factors and focus their attention on creating more inclusive, and hence more accurate, measures of development and national well-being."
In ancient Egypt, black pigment “was the best-known form of makeup…used by people of all classes” ("Egyptian Body Decorations," 2013, p. 39).
Long Quotations (more than 40 words): Separate the quotation by creating a double-spaced indented block without quotation marks. Indent 5 spaces from the left margin. Place the in-text citation after the author's name or at the end of the quote:
According to Geppert:
Although this analysis has revealed that there is a statistically significant relationshipbetween a variety of economic, political and social factors and happiness, it is important to note it is almost impossible to make a clear distinction between economic, political and social variables (2019, p. 116).
Jewelry was a form of body decoration ("Egyptian Body Decorations," 2013, p. 39):
Another way that Egyptians ornamented themselves was through the use of jewelry. The best-known pieces of jewelry were the highly decorated collars and pectorals (jewelry that was hung over the chest by a chain around the neck) that both men and women wore on their upper chests, under and around their necks.
Paraphrasing and Summarizing
Paraphrasing is using your own words to restate another’s idea(s). Summarizing is using your own words to succinctly report the essence of another's idea(s). Provide an in-text citation each time you paraphrase or summarize another's idea to refer the reader to the source's listing on your References page. When applicable, include information to refer the reader to the specific part of the source being discussed. Use quotation marks for phrases that you cannot substitute with your own words:
According to Zapf & Jung (2006), “criminal responsibility” can be evaluated by referring to information from the defendant’s interview, and forensic test results (p.340).
Clifford Geertz (1973) is well known for discussing ethnography as “thick description.”
When incorporating external sources into the body of your paper by quoting, paraphrasing or summarizing you must include an in-text citation which gives credit to the appropriate source. The in-text citation refers the reader to the source's listing on your References page. Therefore, it helps to first complete your References page, listing all your sources.
See the Quoting, Paraphrasing and Summarizing: Incorporating External Sources box for how to properly incorporate outside sources within the body of your paper. See the In-Text Citation Format box in this guide for properly formatting in-text citations.
There are two types of in-text citations:
Parenthetical Citations: Parenthetical citations indicate the author(s) or title of the source, its publication year and the part of the source you are quoting, summarizing or paraphrasing in parentheses within or at the end of a sentence.
Narrative Citations: Narrative citations name the source within the text of a sentence. The date and specific part of the source to which you are referring appear in parentheses immediately after naming the author or title or at the end of the sentence. Some examples:
Smith (2015) surveyed this phenomenon.
A famous survey of this phenomenon (Smith, 2015) showed that...
In 2015, Smith demonstrated that...
"White rats are the best subjects for this test," said Smith (2015, pp. 50-51).
Smith went on to explain, "Hamsters make better pets than lab rats" (2015, p.51).
(from APA Style (7th Edition) from Albert S. Cook Library, Towson University)
* Title case has most words capitalized: Beyond the Melting Pot. Sentence case has only the first word capitalized with all other words lowercase except for proper nouns: Beyond the melting pot.
Formating In-text Citations
See the Quoting, Paraphrasing and Summarizing: Incorporating External Sources box in this guide for how to properly incorporate outside sources within the body of your paper. See the In-Text Citations Explained box in this guide for detailed information.
1 author |
Henry, W. A., III (1990, April 9). Beyond the melting pot. Time, 135, 28-31. (Henry, 1990, p. 29) |
2 authors |
Brown, M., & Mendis, N. (2018, July 25). The separation of immigrant families: Historical anecdotes. Center for Migration Studies. https://cmsny.org/from-the-cms-archive-separation-of-families/ (Brown & Mendis, 2018, para. 7) |
3 or more authors |
Kroop, S., Mikroyannidis, A., & Wolpers, M. (Eds.). (2015). Responsive open learning environments: Outcomes of research from the ROLE project. SpringerLink. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-319-02399-1 (Kroop et al., 2015, Figure 1) |
No date |
Amnesty International. (n.d.). Cuba. Retrieved April 13, 2020, from
(Amnesty International, n.d., News) |
Multiple pages |
Ali, S. (2004). Reading radicalized bodies. In H. Thomas & J. Ahmed (Eds.), Cultural bodies:Ethnography and theory (pp. 76-97). Blackwell Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470775837 (Ali, 2004, pp. 80-83) |
Entire work |
Saunders, G. (2000). Pastoralia: Stories. Riverhead Books. (Saunders, 2000) |
Indirect source |
Menendez, D., & Marcella, A. J. (2008). Cyber forensics: A field manual for collecting, examining, and preserving evidence of computer crimes (2nd ed.). Auerbach Publications. RSA Security found... (as cited in Menendez and Marcella, 2008, p. 51) |
Audiovisual material |
Caged Bird Songs. (2014, September 23). Still I rise by Maya Angelou (official lyric video) [Video].YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_UFMB4i1AJo&feature=emb_title (Caged Bird Songs, 2014, 1:19-1:25) McNeel, R. (n.d.) New hope for fading memories: Alzheimer's disease [PowerPoint slide]. (McNeel, n.d., Slide 7) |
References
BBC. (2016, May 17). How much of your body is your own? http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/the-making-of-me-and-you
Brown, M., & Mendis, N. (2018, July 25). The separation of immigrant families: Historical anecdotes. Center for Migration Studies. http://cmsny.org/from-the-cms-archive-separation-of-families/
Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases. (2019, June 13). Food safety: A changing landscape in a global world. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/features/worldfoodsafetyday.html
Henry, W. A., III (1990, April 9). Beyond the melting pot. Time, 135, 28-31.
Photography. (2005). In K. L. Lerner & B. W. Lerner (Eds.), World of forensic science (Vol. 2, pp. 533-535). Gale.
Smith, S. P. (2018). Instagram abroad: Performance, consumption and colonial narrative in tourism. Postcolonial Studies, 21(2), 172-191. https://doi.org/10.1080/13688790.2018.1461173
Format author(s) name(s) as last name, first initial. middle initial. (if provided):
Single author:
Schutt, R. K.
2 authors: List both authors, separated by a comma and an ampersand (&) instead of “and:”
Bachman, R., & Schutt, R. K.
3 to 20 authors: List each author up to 19 authors, separated by a comma, adding an ampersand (&) before the last author’s name:
Kan, K. J., Beijsterveldt, C., Bartels, M., & Boomsma, D.
More than 20 authors: List first 19 authors, separated by a comma. Use an ellipsis (...) in the place of all additional authors, ending with the final author's name directly after the ellipsis (no ampersand):
Juárez, U., Riyaziyyat, E., Wang, C., Zhang, I., Li, P., Yang, R., Kumar, B., Xu, A., Martinez, R., McIntosh, V., Ibáñez, L. M., Mäkinen, G., Virtanen, E., . . . Kovács, A. *
*Source provided by the APA Style website
Scholarship is becoming more and more available online. Much of the scholarly literature (journals, papers, reports and increasingly books) is assigned a DOI, or "digital object identifier." A DOI is a unique alphanumeric string serving as a persistent link to a permanent location on the internet.
APA recommends, whenever possible, to end a citation with a DOI in that DOIs remains fixed over a publication's lifetime whereas a URL may change over time.
Many databases include DOIs. You may also find DOIs online by viewing the publication's webpage or using the search form found here: https://doi.crossref.org/simpleTextQuery
Look for the following formats (“xxxxx” refers to the DOI number):
https://doi.org/xxxxx
http:/dx.doi.org/xxxxx
doi:xxxxx or DOI:xxxxx
Whatever version you find, APA recommends presenting all DOIs found in citations in this format:
https://doi.org/xxxxx
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of book: Subtitle of book. Publisher.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
Anaya, R., & Márquez, A. (1984). Cuentos Chicanos: A short story anthology (Rev. ed.). University of New Mexico Press.
Saunders, G. (2000). Pastoralia: Stories. Riverhead Books.
Weber, M. (with Giddons, A.). (1992). The Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism (T. Parsons, Trans.). Routledge. (Original work published 1930).
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of book: Subtitle of book. Publisher. DOI or URL (if stable and freely available)
Haffner-Ginger, B. (2012). California Mexican-Spanish cook book: Selected Mexican and Spanish recipes. https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/39586
Menendez, D., & Marcella, A. J. (2008). Cyber forensics: A field manual for collecting, examining, and preserving evidence of computer crimes (2nd ed.). Auerbach Publications.
Saunders, G. (2000). Pastoralia: Stories. Riverhead Books.
Thomas, H., & Ahmed, J. (Eds.). (2004). Cultural bodies: Ethnography and theory. Blackwell Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470775837
Editor, A. A. (Ed.). (Year). Title of book: Subtitle of book. Publisher.
Editor, A. A. (Ed.). (Year). Title of book: Subtitle of book. Publisher. DOI or URL (if stable and freely available)
Bowers, J. M., & Tick, J. (Eds.). (1986). Women making music: The Western art tradition, 1150-1950. University of Illinois Press.
Cullen, F., Agnew, R., & Wilcox, P. (Eds.). (2018). Criminological theory: Past to present--Essential readings (6th ed.). Oxford University Press.
Kroop, S., Mikroyannidis, A., & Wolpers, M. (Eds.). (2015). Responsive open learning environments: Outcomes of research from the ROLE project. SpringerLink.
https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-319-02399-1
Thomas, H., & Ahmed, J. (Eds.). (2004). Cultural bodies: Ethnography and theory. Blackwell Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470775837
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of part: Subtitle of part. In Editor Name (Ed.), Title of book: Subtitle of book (pp. pages). Publisher.
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of part: Subtitle of part. In Editor Name (Ed.), Title of book: Subtitle of book (pp. pages). Publisher. DOI or URL (if stable and accessible)
Ali, S. (2004). Reading radicalized bodies. In H. Thomas & J. Ahmed (Eds.), Cultural bodies: Ethnography and theory (pp. 76-97). Blackwell Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470775837
Anderson, E. (2018). The code of the street. In F. Cullen, R. Agnew, & P. Wilcox (Eds.), Criminological theory: Past to present--Essential readings (6th ed., pp. 93-104). Oxford University Press.
Neules-Bates, C. (1986). Women's orchestras in the United States, 1925-1945. In J. M. Bowers & J. Tick (Eds.), Women making music: The Western art tradition, 1150-1950 (pp. 349-369). University of Illinois Press.
Nussbaumer, A., Dahn, I., Kroop, S., Mikroyannidis, A., & Albert, D. (2015). Supporting self-regulated learning. In S. Kroop, A. Mikroyannidis & M. Wolpers (Eds.), Responsive open learning environments: Outcomes of research from the ROLE project (pp. 17 48). SpringerLink. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-02399-1_2
*Compare these entries with their Edited Book as a Whole counterpart above.*
PRINT:
Author, A. A. (Date). Title of part. In Title of book: Subtitle of book (Edition, Vol., p. page or pp. pages). Publisher.
Collins, E. F. (2012). Tattooing and piercing. In M. Juergensmeyer & W. C. Roof (Eds.), Encyclopedia of global religion (Vol. 2, pp. 1265-1267). SAGE Reference.
Merriam-Webster. (1997). Goat. In Merriam Webster’s collegiate dictionary (10th ed., pp. 499-500).
Stedman, T. L. (2004). Glossitis. In The American Heritage Stedman's medical dictionary (2nd ed., p. 333). Houghton Mifflin.
St. George, J., & Canavan, F. P. (2005). Crisis Intervention. In L. E. Sullivan & M. S. Rosen (Eds.), Encyclopedia of law enforcement: Vol. 1. State and local (pp. 122-125). SAGE Reference.
ONLINE:
Exact publication date is available:
Author, A. A. (Date). Title of webpage. In Website Name. (Edition, Vol. Number). URL (if stable and freely accessible)
No publication date is available:
Author, A. A. (n.d.). Title of webpage. In Website Name. (Edition, Vol. Number). Retrieved date, from URL (if stable and freely accessible)
American Psychological Association. (n.d.). Phobic avoidance. In APA dictionary of psychology. Retrieved January 18, 2020, from https://dictionary.apa.org/phobic-avoidance
Force majeure. (n.d.). In Thesaurus.com. Retrieved April 9, 2020, from https://www.thesaurus.com/browse/force%20majeure?s=t
Folk music. (2020, February 16). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music
McAlister, E. A. (2020, February 14). Vodon: Haitian religion. In Encyclopaedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Vodou
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Innuendo. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved February 25, 2020, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/innuendo
Speaks, J. (2019). Theories of meaning. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy (Winter 2019 ed). Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2019/entries/meaning/
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article: Subtitle of article. Title of Journal, Vol. Number(Issue Number), Pages.
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article: Subtitle of article. Title of Journal, Vol. Number(Issue Number), Pages. DOI or URL (if stable and freely accessible)
Abraham, M., Bahr, S., & Trappmann, M. (2019, June 25). Gender differences in willingness to move for interregional job offers. Demographic Research, 40, 1537-1602. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2019.40.53
Geppert, K. (2019). Does money buy happiness? A cross-country look at the relationship between income and happiness. Issues in Political Economy, 28(2), 102–121. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Does-money-buy-happiness-A-cross-country-look-at-Geppert/d1e15e62f5d4457c769d96ae5c0a11bc473ef464
Lawson, N. (2016). It’s a man’s prison: How the traditional incarceration model fails female offenders in Kansas. Kansas Journal of Law & Public Policy, 25(2), 273–288.
Pegion, K., Kirtman, B. P., Becker, E., Collins, D. C., LaJoie, E., Burgman, R., Bell, R., DelSole, R., Min, D., Zhu, Y., Li, W., Sinsky, E., Guan, H., Gottschalck, J., Metzger, E. J., Barton, N. P., Achuthavarier, D., Marshak, J., Koster, R., . . . Kim, H. (2019). The subseasonal experiment (SubX): A multimodel subseasonal prediction experiment. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 100(10), 2043-2061. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0270.1*
Philips, L., Allen, R., Bull, R., Hering, A., Kliegel, M., & Channon, S. (2015). Older adults have difficulty in decoding sarcasm. Developmental Psychology, 51(12), 1840-1852. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000063
*source provided by Owl Purdue Online Writing Lab
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Magazine Title, Vol. Number(Issue Number), Pages.
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Magazine Title, Vol. Number(Issue Number), Pages. URL
Austen, B. (2018, June 21). Peace officers. New Republic. https://newrepublic.com/article/148854/peace-officers
Gregory, S. (2020, March 26). ‘Without empathy, nothing works.’ Chef Jose Andres wants to feed the world through the pandemic. Time, 195(12). https://time.com/5810564/without-empathy-nothing-works-chef-jose-andres-wants-to-feed-the-world-through-the-pandemic/
Kandel, E. R., & Squire, L. R. (2000, November 10). Neuroscience: Breaking down scientific barriers. Science, 290(5494), 1113-1120. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.290.5494.1113
Shell, E. R. (2019). Obesity on the brain. Scientific American, 321(4), 38–45.
IMPORTANT: This newspaper format is only for NEWSPAPER ARTICLES--articles published in either a print or online newspaper (newspaper website that is associated with a daily or weekly newspaper). Follow the News Webpage format in this guide for articles from a ONLINE NEWS SOURCE such as CNN, BBC, Bloomberg, Reuters or HuffPost---news website without an associated daily or weekly newspaper.
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Newspaper Title, section/page(s).
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Newspaper Title, section/page(s). URL (if stable and freely accessible)
Hilts, P. J. (1999, February 16). In forecasting their emotions, most people flunk out. The New York Times, F2. https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/16/science/in-forecasting-their-emotions-most-people-flunk-out.html
Johnson, C. Y. (2019, October 20). 'Use it or lose it'? Study links excessive brain activity to shortened life. The Washington Post, A3.
Printz, L. (2012, September 30). Ready to plug in? Knowledge is power: Plenty to ponder if you plan to own electric car. Chicago Tribune.
Voice of the people: Close Rikers, rethink mental health [Editorial]. (2019, February 18). New York Daily News, 20.
IMPORTANT: This news webpage format is only for online news sources such as CNN, BBC, Salon or HuffPost that are not associated with a published newspaper. For websites that are online versions of daily or weekly newspapers, use the newspaper article format in this guide.
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). News article title. News Website Name. URL (if stable and accessible)
BBC. (2016, May 17). How much of your body is your own? http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/the-making-of-me-and-you
Heilweil, R. (2020, April 8). 6 things to know about telehealth: Due to Covid-19, video chats with doctors are becoming mainstream. Here’s how it all works. Vox. https://www.vox.com/recode/2020/4/8/21212432/telemedicine-how-to-video-chat-doctors
Oliver, T. (2020, April 5). Why overcoming racism is essential for humanity’s survival. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200403-how-to-overcome-racism-and-tribalism
“Sarah,” (Guest Writer). (2020, January 13). I’m in love with an undocumented immigrant and we are living in constant terror. HuffPost. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/dating-undocumented-immigrant_n_5e1604d8c5b6c7b859d43779
IMPORTANT: When mentioning a website in your paper without quoting or paraphrasing from it, simply provide the name of that website and add its URL in parentheses--you do not need to list it in your References page.
IMPORTANT: Use the webpage format below only if no other format applies---follow the other formats listed in this guide if your source is an online book; online dictionary/encyclopedia article such as Wikipedia; online journal, magazine or newspaper article; article from an online news source; social media page/post; audiovisual item, or online government report.
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Webpage title: Webpage subtitle. Website Name. URL (if stable and freely accessible)
Author, A. A. (n.d.). Webpage title: Webpage subtitle. Website Name. Retrieved Date, from URL (if stable and freely accessible)
If there is no author listed:
Webpage title: Webpage subtitle. (date or n.d.). Website Name. URL (if stable and freely accessible). Make sure to add the retrieval date as above if there is no date (n.d.) listed for your webpage.
Amnesty International. (n.d.). Cuba. Retrieved April 13, 2020, from https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/americas/cuba/
Bloomberg. (2020, April 7). SBA computers crash in fresh blow to companies seeking virus aid. https://www.americanbanker.com/articles/sba-computers-crash-in-fresh-blow-to-companies-seeking-virus-aid
Brown, M., & Mendis, N. (2018, July 25). The separation of immigrant families: Historical anecdotes. Center for Migration Studies. http://cmsny.org/from-the-cms-archive-separation-of-families/
Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases. (2019, June 13). Food safety: A changing landscape in a global world. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/features/worldfoodsafetyday.html
U.S. Census Bureau. (n.d.). U.S. and world population clock. U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved January 9, 2020, from https://www.census.gov/popclock/*
*source provided by the APA Style website
Use this format when you are citing content originally published on a social media site. For sources you find through a particular social media post (e.g. link to an article or video) that you wish to include in your paper, cite that original source directly.
This social media format has two formats.
1. Social media page, profile or account:
2. Social media post or content published on a social media platform:
FACEBOOK:
Facebook Page:
Author, A. A. or Group Name. (n.d.). Page Title [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved date, from URL
American Library Association. (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved April 14, 2020, from https://www.facebook.com/AmericanLibraryAssociation/
John Jay College Library. (n.d.). Photos [Facebook page]. Retrieved April 16, 2020, from https://www.facebook.com/pg/johnjaylibrary/photos/?ref=page_internal
Official Jackson Browne. (n.d.). Videos [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved April 15, 2020, from
Facebook Post:
Author, A. A. or Group Name. (Date). Content of post up to first 20 words [Description of image/hashtag/link if included][Post type]. Facebook. URL
ITS at Syracuse University. (2020, April 13). When in doubt, don’t click: A phishing scam posing as an email about MySlice is targeting the #SyracuseU community [Image attached] [Facebook post]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/ SyracuseITS/photos/a.183464591697636/3372994842744579/?type=3&theater
John Jay College Library. (2020, April 2). Did you know that #johnjaylibrary #digitalcollections has a collection of images from 1940-1945 of #mugshots #rapsheets & #criminalinvesitgation #documents? [Images attached] [Facebook post]. Facebook.
https://www.facebook.com/pg/johnjaylibrary/posts/?ref=page_internal
Official Jackson Browne. (2020, February 9) Photo from “A Human Touch” video, with @lesliemendelson. The song was written by Leslie, Steve McEwan and @jackson.browne.official for the [Image attached] [Photograph]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/OfficialJacksonBrowne/photos/a.1015022333865708 /10157241626597087/?type=3&theater
TWITTER:
Twitter Profile:
Author, A. A. or Group Name [@username]. (n.d.). Twitter tab [Twitter profile]. Twitter. Retrieved date, URL
APA Style [@APA_Style]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Twitter. Retrieved January 15, 2020, from https://twitter.com/APA_Style *
Brooklyn Museum [@brooklynmuseum]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Twitter. Retrieved April 24, 2020, from https://twitter.com/brooklynmuseum
Lloyd Sealy Library [@JohnJayLibrary]. (n.d.). Likes [Twitter profile]. Twitter. Retrieved April 16, 2020, from https://twitter.com/JohnJayLibrary/likes
Tweet:
Author, A. A. or Group Name [@username]. (Date). Content of tweet up to first 20 words [Description of image/hashtag/link if included] [Tweet]. Twitter. URL
APA Databases [@APA_Databases]. (2019, September 5). Help students avoid plagiarism and researchers navigate the publication process. More details available in the 7th edition @APA_Style table [Image attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/APA_Databases/status/1169644365452578823 *
New York Times Arts [@nytimesarts]. (2019, February 1). Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera’s Blue House in Mexico City travels to the United States for the first time. Unearthed [Thumbnail with link attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/nytimesarts/status/1091546540215283712
NPR's Latino USA [@LatinoUSA]. (2019, February 11). A first-of-its-kind exhibit opened at the Brooklyn Museum gives fans of iconic artist Frida Kahlo a chance. [Thumbnail with link attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/LatinoUSA/status/1095087584609517568
INSTAGRAM:
PROFILE/HIGHLIGHT
Author, A. A. or Group Name [@username]. (n.d.). Highlight or Instagram tab [Highlight or Instagram profile]. Instagram. Retrieved date, from URL
Food Network [@foodnetwork]. (n.d.). Posts [Instagram profile]. Instagram. Retrieved April 16, 2020, from https://www.instagram.com/foodnetwork/?hl=en
National Geographic [@natgeo]. (n.d.). IGTV [Instagram profile]. Instagram. Retrieved December 8, 2019, from https://www.instagram.com/natgeo/channel/*
PHOTO/VIDEO
Author, A. A. or Group Name [@username]. (Date). Content text [Description of image/hastag/link if included]. [Photograph(s)/Video(s)]. Instagram. URL
BBC [@bbc]. (2020, January 12). Skywatchers have been treated to the first full moon of 2020-known as a “wolf moon”-at the same time as a [Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/B7OkWqbBwcf/**
Food Network [@foodnetwork]. (2020, April 10). Once you stuff your chocolate chip cookies with an ooey gooey hazelnut filling, you'll never be the same again! Watch [Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/B-xq5pQlVUY/
The New York Public Library [@nypl]. (2020, January 4). Happy #NationalTriviaDay! Patience and Fortitude are the beloved lions located outside of our 42nd Street location. These timeless lions have [Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/B66XsTilYZG/
*source provided by the APA Style website
**source provided by Purdue Owl Writing Lab
This format covers audiovisual, audio and visual material. APA distinguishes between works that stand alone (e.g. television series, music album, YouTube video, etc.) and works that are part of a whole (e.g. episode in a series, song from a music album, etc.). The author is the creator(s) of the work except for YouTube and other streaming videos where the uploader (account holder) is credited as the author in order to easily access the source. Look for some of these common author categories:
Film (Director)
Television Series (Executive Producer)
Television Episode (Writer and/or Director)
YouTube or other Streaming Video (Uploader)
TED Talk (Speaker if from TED website/Uploader if from YouTube)
Podcast (Host)
Webinar (Speaker/Instructor)
Music Album or Song (Recording Artist or Composer)
Artwork (Photographer, Painter, Illustrator, etc.)
Conference/Presentation (Presenter)
PowerPoint (Creator)
WORK AS A WHOLE (STAND ALONE):
PART OF A WHOLE:
FILM/MOVIE (not necessary to indicate how you viewed the item):
Director, A. A. (Director). (Date). Title of film [Film]. Production Company/Companies.
Dahl, R. (Writer), & Stuart, M. (Director). (1971). Willy Wonka and the chocolate factory [Film]. Wolper Pictures; The Quaker Oats Company.
Fleming, V. (Director). (1939). Gone with the wind [Film]. Selznick International Pictures; Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.*
YouTube or STREAMING VIDEO:
Uploader/Account Holder, U. U. (Date of publication). Title of video [Video]. Website host. URL (if available, stable and freely accessible)
Caged Bird Songs. (2014, September 23). Still I rise by Maya Angelou (official lyric video) [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_UFMB4i1AJo&feature=emb_title
Chance The Rapper. (2019, July 26). All day long [Video]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V846b5ETp-c
John Jay College. (2019, October 1). Get to know the Prisoner Reentry Institute with Ann Jacobs [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-3RD1n8j-gw
TV SERIES:
Producer, A.A. (Producer(s)/Executive Producer(s)). (Date range). Title of TV series [TV series]. Production Company; Companies.
Gorden, H., & Gansa, A. (Executive Producers). (2011-2020). Homeland [TV series]. Fox 21; Fox Television Studios.
Serling, R. (Executive Producer). (1959–1964). The twilight zone [TV series]. Cayuga Productions; CBS Productions.*
TV EPISODE:
Writer, A.A. (Writer), & Director, A.A. (Director). (Original Air Date). Title of episode (Season No., Episode No.) [TV series episode]. In A.A. Producer (Executive Producer), Title of TV series. Production Company; Companies.
Serling, R., Bixby, J., (Writers), & Sheldon, J. (Director). (1961, November 3). It's a good life (Season 3, Episode 8) [TV series episode]. In R. Serling (Executive Producer), The twilight zone. Cayuga Productions; CBS Productions.
Stiehm, M. (Writer), & Cuesta, M. (Director). (2011, November 13). The weekend (Season 1, Episode 7) [TV series episode]. In H. Gorden & A. Gansa (Executive Producers), Homeland. Fox 21; Fox Television Studios.
TED TALK: Author is the speaker if video is directly from TED website. Author is the uploader/account holder if the video is from YouTube--add speakers' name in the tile of the talk.
Speaker, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of talk [Video]. TED Conferences. URL
Uploader, U. U. (Year, Month Day). Speaker: Title of talk [Video]. YouTube. URL
Foss, A. (2016, February). A prosecutor’s vision for a better justice system [Video]. TED Conferences. https://www.ted.com/talks/ adam_foss_a_prosecutor_s_vision_for_a_better_justice_system
TEDx Talks. (2018, May 23). Michiel Vandeweert: Life's short, make the most of it [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lFZvLeMbJ_U
PODCAST: Format differs for a podcast series and a podcast episode within a series.
Host, H. H. (Host). (Date range). Title of podcast series [Audio podcast]. Production company. URL (if accessed online)
Vedantam, S. (2015-present). Hidden brain. [Audio podcast]. NPR. https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510308/hidden-brain
Host, H. H. (Host). (Date). Title of podcast episode (Episode number if available) [Audio podcast episode]. In Title of podcast series. Production Company. URL (if accessed online)
Vedantam, S., Penman, M., & Boyle, T. (2020, February 17). Liar, liar, liar [Audio podcast episode]. In Hidden brain. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2020/02/13/805808486/liar-liar-liar
ARTWORK (Painting, photograph, illustration, infographic, etc.): Format differs for artwork associated with a museum or gallery (part of a whole) and art that stands on its own, not associated with a museum or gallery. Do not use database name or database URL.
Artist, A. A. (Date). Title of work [Medium]. Museum Name, Museum Location. URL (if viewed online)
Klimt, G. (1907). Adele Bloch-Bauer I [Painting]. Neue Gallery, New York, NY, United States. https://www.neuegalerie.org/content/adele-bloch-bauer-i
Mitchell, T. (2019). Untitled [Group hula hoop] [Photograph]. International Center of Photography, New York, NY, United States. https://www.icp.org/exhibitions/tyler-mitchell-i-can-make-you-feel-good
Artist, A. A. (Date). Title of work [Medium]. Source. URL (if viewed online)
Day, B. (2014, August 20). Don't shoot. [Political cartoon]. Cale Cartoons. http://caglecartoons.com/sku/152568/
The Sentencing Project. (2001). Lifetime likelihood of imprisonment for U.S. residents born in 2001 [Infographic]. https://www.sentencingproject.org/wpcontent/uploads/2015/10/lifetime-likelihood-of-imprisonment-by-race.png
MUSIC: Format differs between a whole (e.g. album or musical score) and one song of a whole.
Artist, A. A. (year). Title of whole [Description]. Recording Label.
The Beatles. (1968). The white album [Album]. Apple.
Haydn, F. J. (2001). The creation [Musical score]. Dover Publications. (Original work published 1798).*
Artist, A. A. (year). Title of song [Song]. On Title of whole. Recording Label.
The Beatles. (1968). Blackbird [Song]. On The white album. Apple.
Los Angeles Percussion Quartet. (2017). Fear release [Song]. On Beyond. Sono Luminus.
WEBINAR (archived and available online):
Author, A. A. (Date). Title of webinar [Webinar]. Producer. URL
American Psychological Association. (2019, October 24). What’s new in APA style—Inside the seventh edition of the Publication Manual of the APA. American Psychological Association. https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/tutorials-webinars
POWERPOINT or GOOGLE SLIDES/CLASS LECTURE NOTES:
Author, A. A. (Date). Title of slides or lecture [Description]. Source or Platform. URL (use login page for sources requiring a login)
Mack, R., & Spake, G. (2018). Citing open source images and formatting references for presentations [PowerPoint slides]. Canvas@FNU. https://fnu.onelogin.com/login*
McNeel, R. (n.d.) New hope for fading memories: Alzheimer's disease
[PowerPoint slide]. BioEd Online. http://www.bioedonline.org/slides/hot-topics/new-hope-for-fading-memories-alzheimers-disease/
*source provided by the APA Style website
Dissertations and theses may be used as a source whether published or unpublished. Unpublished dissertations and theses are most likely found in print at the author's institution. Published dissertations and theses may be found in databases (ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global, EBSCO Open Dissertations, PQDT Open), institutional repositories and archives, and personal websites.
Author, A. A. (Date). Title of dissertation or thesis: Subtitle of dissertation or thesis
[Unpublished doctoral dissertation/master's thesis]. Institution Name.
Author, A. A. (Date). Title of dissertation or thesis: Subtitle of dissertation or thesis
(Publication No. xxxxxx) [Description, Institution Name]. Source.
URL (if stable and freely available to all)
Libretti, R. (2018). Differences in psychopathy and associated traits by police officer rank (Publication No. 13806004) [Doctoral dissertation, City University of New York, John Jay College of Criminal Justice]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.
Rinke, C. (2012). Selective multivariate applications in forensic science [Doctoral dissertation, University of Central Florida]. EBSCO OpenDissertations. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/2296
Zambrano-Vazquez, L. (2016). The interaction of state and trait worry on response monitoring in those with worry and obsessive-compulsive symptoms [Doctoral dissertation, University of Arizona]. UA Campus Repository. https://repository.arizona.edu/handle/10150/620615*
Zhou, X. (2018). Leggings are the new denim: An investigation of consumer activewear experience (Publication No. 10840578) [Doctoral dissertation, Temple University]. PQDT Open. https://pqdtopen.proquest.com/pubnum/10840578.html
*source from Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th edition.
Author, A. A. (Date). Title of report: Subtitle of report (Report No. if available). Publisher Name. URL (if stable and freely available to all)
National Cancer Institute. (2019). Taking time: Support for people with cancer (NIH Publication No. 18-2059). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/takingtime.pdf*
New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. (2019). Health of older adults in New York City.
https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/episrv/2019-older-adult-health.pdf
http://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=770
*source provided by the APA Style website
The American Psychological Association recommends consulting The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation (the standard of legal citation style) or the Cornell Law School's Legal Information Institute (https://www.law.cornell.edu/citation/) to verify that your legal citations provide all necessary information and reflect the current state of legal authority. Find print copies of the The Bluebook in the Lloyd Sealy Library at the 2nd floor Reference Desk (KF245 .B58).
Legal citations are arranged alphabetically by first significant word or abbreviation in your References page.
URLs are not required for legal materials, however their inclusion may aid in retrieval for the reader. If included, place after the year in the References page citation.
The following examples and abbreviation chart below come from The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th edition. Consult Chapter 11 (Legal References) of the APA Manual (7th edition) for more information.
Federal Court Decisions:
References page: Name v. Name, Volume U.S. Page (Year).
Parenthetical citation: (Name v. Name, Year)
Narrative citation: Name v. Name (Year)
References page: Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954).
Parenthetical citation: (Brown v. Board of Education, 1954)
Narrative citation: Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
References page: Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 U.S___(2015).
Parenthetical citation: (Obergefell v. Hodges, 2015)
Narrative citation: Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)
*include three underscores for page number for cases after 2012 published without page numbers
U.S. Circuit Court--U.S. Circuit Court decisions are published in the Federal Reporter, abbreviated as "F.2d" or "F.3d." in References citation.
References page: Name v. Name, Volume F. [or F.2d, F.3d] Page (Court Year).
Parenthetical citation: (Name v. Name, Year)
Narrative citation: Name v. Name (Year)
References page: Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 951 F.2d 1128 (9th Cir. 1991).
Narrative citation: Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (1991)
U.S. District Court--U.S. District Court decisions are published in the Federal Supplements, abbreviated as
"F. Supp." in References citation.
References page: Name v. Name, Volume F. Supp. Page (Court Year).
Parenthetical citation: (Name v. Name, Year)
Narrative citation: Name v. Name (Year)
References page: Burriola v. Greater Toledo YMCA, 133 F. Supp. 2d 1034 (N.D. Ohio 2001).
Parenthetical citation: (Burriola v. Greater Toledo YMCA, 2001)
Narrative citation: Burriola v. Greater Toledo YMCA (2001)
U.S. State Court Decisions--find abbreviations for state reporters in the Bluebook.
References page: Name v. Name, Volume Reporter Page (Court Year).
Parenthetical citation: (Name v. Name, Year)
Narrative citation: Name v. Name (Year)
References page: Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California, 17 Cal.3d 425, 131 Cal. Rptr. 14,
551 P.2d 334 (1976).
Parenthetical citation: (Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California, 1976)
Narrative citation: Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California (1976)
Federal and State Statutes:
A statute is a law or act passed by a legislative body. There are federal and state statutes. Federal statutes are published in the United States Code (U.S.C.). State statutes are published in state code publications. Both federal and state codes are divided into sections called titles. The format for citing a state statute generally follows that of a federal statute. Consult the Bluebook or another legal resource to verify the format for a particular state. Follow the Bluebook for abbreviations and symbols used in state statute sources. URLs are not required, however, they may aid in retrieval.
Statutes:
References page: Name of Act, Title Source § Section Number (Year).
Parenthetical citation: (Name of Act, Year)
Narrative citation: Name of Act (Year)
If a statute is codified in a single section or range of sections it is not necessary to included the public law number:
Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990
References page: Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990, 42 U.S.C. § 12101 et seq. (1990).
Parenthetical citation: (Americans With Disabilities Act, 1990)
Narrative citation: Americans With Disabilities Act (1990)
Every Student Succeeds Act of 2015
References page: Every Student Succeeds Act, 20 U.S.C. § 6301 (2015).
Parenthetical citation: (Every Student Succeeds Act, 2015)
Narrative citation: Every Student Succeeds Act (2015)
Add the public law number to the References page citation when an act is codified in scattered sections or before it is codified:
Federal statute, Civil Rights Act of 1964
References page: Civil Rights Act of 1964, Pub. L. No. 88-352, 78 Stat. 241 (1964).
Parenthetical citation: (Civil Rights Act, 1964)
Narrative citation: Civil Rights Act (1964)
Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009
References page: Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009, Pub. L. No. 111-2, 123 Stat. 5 (2009).
Parenthetical citation: (Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act, 2009)
Narrative citation: Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act (2009)
Florida Mental Health Act
References page: Florida Mental Health Act, Fla. Stat. § 394 (1971 & rev. 2009).
Parenthetical citation: (Florida Mental Health Act, 1971/2009)
Narrative citation: Florida Mental Health Act (1971/2009)
Bills and Resolutions:
This section refers to citing unenacted bills and resolutions (have not passed both houses of Congress) OR an enacted bill or resolution that has not been signed into law. Bills and resolutions that have been passed by both houses of Congress and signed by the president become law and should be cited as statutes (see above). Precede bill or resolution number by “H.R.” for House of Representatives or “S.” for Senate to indicate where the bill/resolution originated. Enacted resolutions are reported in the Congressional Record, abbreviated “Cong. Rec.” Include a URL if available.
Unenacted federal bill/resolution: (not yet passed in both houses)
Unenacted bill: Title [if relevant], H.R. or S. bill number, xxx Cong. (Year).
Unenacted resolution: Title [if relevant], H.R. or S. Res. resolution number, xxx Cong. (Year).
References page: Mental Health on Campus Improvement Act, H.R. 1100, 113th Cong. (2013).
Parenthetical citation: (Mental Health on Campus Improvement Act, 2013)
Narrative citation: Mental Health on Campus Improvement Act (2013)
Enacted federal resolution: (passed in both houses but not signed into law)
Senate: S. Res. xxx, xxx Cong., Volume Cong. Rec. Page (Year) (enacted).
House of Representatives: H.R. Res. xxx, xxx Cong., Volume Cong. Rec. Page (Year) (enacted).
References page: S. Res. 438, 114th Cong., 162 Cong. Rec. 2394 (2016) (enacted).
Parenthetical citation: (S. Resolution 438, 2016)
Narrative citation: Senate Resolution 438 (2016)
Federal Regulations:
Format for rules and regulations and executive orders. Include the URL of regulation if available online.
Federal regulation (codified)--regulations are published in the Code of Federal Regulations, abbreviated as "C.F.R." in the citation. Include the title or number of the regulation, CFR volume number, section number, and year regulation was codified.
Title or Number, Volume C.F.R. § xxx (Year).
References page: Protection of Human Subjects, 45 C.F.R. § 46 (2009). https://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/sites/default/files/ohrp/policy/ohrpregulations.pdf
Parenthetical citation: (Protection of Human Subjects, 2009)
Narrative citation: Protection of Human Subjects (2009)
Federal regulation (not yet codified): Regulations not yet codified are published in the Federal Register, abbreviated as "F.R." in the citation. Provide the date of proposal. Include section of the Code of Federal Regulations where rule will be codified.
Title or Number, Volume F.R. Page (proposed Month Day, Year) (to be codified at
Volume C.F.R. § xxx).
References page: Defining and Delimiting the Exemptions for Executive, Administrative, Professional,
Outside Sales and Computer Employees, 81 F.R. 32391 (proposed May 23, 2016)
(to be codified at 29 C.F.R. § 541).
Parenthetical citation: (Defining and Delimiting, 2016)
Narrative citation: Defining and Delimiting (2016)
Executive Orders:
Executive order: Exec. Order No. xxxxx, 3 C.F.R. Page (Year).
References page: Exec. Order No. 13,676, 3 C.F.R. 294 (2014).
Parenthetical citation: (Exec. Order No. 13,676, 2014)
Narrative citation: Executive Order No. 13,676 (2014)
Constitution:
When citing a whole federal or state constitution, you do not need a citation in your References page. Refer to the constitution in the body of your paper:
"The U.S. Constitution has 26 amendments." or "The United States Constitution has 26 amendments."
"The Massachusetts Constitution was ratified in 1780."
When discussing articles or amendments of constitutions, include a citation in your References page. The U.S. Constitution is abbreviated as “U.S. Const.” for both the References page and parenthetical citations. Use state abbreviations when citing state constitutions--find a listing of abbreviations on the Legal Information Institute's website https://www.law.cornell.edu/citation/4-500
U.S. Constitution article and amendment numbers are Roman numerals. State constitution article numbers are Roman numerals, amendment numbers are Arabic numerals. It is not necessary to include a date unless the amendment has been repealed (see below). URLs are not necessary for the reference.
U.S. Constitution: U.S. Const. art. xxx, § x.
State constitution: State Const. art. xxx, § x.
References page: U.S. Const. art. I, § 3.
Parenthetical citation: (U.S. Const. art. I, § 3)
Narrative citation: Article I, Section 3, of the U.S. Constitution
References page: S.C. Const. art. XI, § 3.
Parenthetical citation: (S.C. Const. art. IX, § 3)
Narrative citation: Article IX, Section 3, of the South Carolina Constitution
Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: U.S. Const. amend. xxx.
References page: U.S. Const. amend. XIX.
Parenthetical citation: (U.S. Const. amend. XIX)
Narrative citation: Amendment XIX to the U.S. Constitution
TESTIMONY:
Include the title as it appears on the document. Add subcommittee and/or committee names, separating multiple names by a comma. Indicate number of the Congress, the year in parentheses, and “testimony of” with name of the person who gave the testimony in separate parentheses. If the testimony is online, include a URL.
Federal testimony:
Title of testimony, xxx Cong. (Year) (testimony of Testifier Name).
References page: Federal real property reform: How cutting red tape and better management could
achieve billions in savings, U.S. Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs,
114th Cong. (2016) (testimony of Norman Dong).
Parenthetical citation: (Federal Real Property Reform, 2016)
Narrative citation: Federal Real Property Reform (2016)
Full federal hearing:
Title of hearing, xxx Cong. (Year).
Reference page: Strengthening the federal student loan program for borrowers: Hearing before the U.S.
Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor & Pensions, 113th Cong. (2014).
Parenthetical citation: (Strengthening the Federal Student Loan Program, 2014)
Narrative citation: Strengthening the Federal Student Loan Program (2014)